My 2026 Class - context. What is my class like this year?

 This year has been a more difficult start than expected. My class demographics are as follows

• no year 4s this year, all year 5 & 6
• Year 5 boys - 7
• Year 5 girls - 3
• Year 6 boys - 4
• Year 6 girls - 3
• Total tamariki = 17

So 11 boys and just 6 girls and a smaller class overall. I did have one more boy, however he early on transferred to another school. The year 5s outnumber the year 6s too. 

A biggest difference this year however is the number of very low, academically challenged akonga we have in class. 8 of the class are well below and have some sort of diagnosis. Others are slightly below, slightly above, and two are exceptional in all areas. The wide differentiation required brings a new level of workload to myself and the teacher aides who work with me.

On top of that, there are some real behavioural issues I have inherited in the year 5s. These children require careful handling and management every moment of the day. We have to watch each child carefully and intervene/redirect etc before severe behaviour breaks out in the class. So far, we have managed this, but again, that has meant a large proportion of the day is spent with behaviour requirements rather than direct teaching.

Ethnically, we have 5 of NZ descent, one Pasifika and the rest whakapapa Māori. This is the highest proportion of Pākehā in my class since I started teaching at Waitara East.

Initial testing has landed results that were not unexpected across the board, bar one, who appears to find testing too stressful and is too hard of themselves so shuts down during testing.

I am looking forward to focusing on the tamariki that I know can move and also pushing those who are well ahead, to keep forging forward. I also want to make sure those that are struggling are going to receive the extra help and sessions they require to keep them engaged, learning and getting every single chance to achieve offered and delivered to them. Not much work this year then!

Observation - Writing

Here is a link to my observation notes. Observation 2025 The reflection and moving forward on this is within the notes.

6 - Reflect & Next Steps

So how did I go? I can't say this inquiry was a success in the way I wanted it to be. I started with one goal and ended up achieving something I didn't realise I needed to do. At University, I learned the previous curriculum, but it wasn't until I started teaching it in my first year (2018) that I realised that until you do it, you have no real idea! This year has been like being a BT again with maths, reading, writing and oral language being new curriculums. Why didn't I treat it as if I was teaching as a newbie again? If I had have, my inquiry question would have been different.

The tamariki are writing a bit better, was it because I changed things? I'd like to think so, but mostly it is from filling the holes left by the new curriculum coming in. What I learned most, and what I had already learned but forgotten about, was that teaching a new curriculum requires more than just reading it, it needs to be actioned in order to get it embedded and right. Apparently I'm a slow learner.

I have changed my writing programme and introduced the following:

• fast feedback
• new activities to do independently
• "Think, Write, Check, Every Sentence". Does it make sense?
• Daily sentence combining
• Nothing is considered a draft, always must use good handwriting (is this my best?)
• Sentence structure explicit teaching
• Parts of speech explicit teaching (previously done but not to a huge degree)

I have continued and enhanced:

• daily morpheme work
• daily spelling rule work
• daily handwriting work (working towards automaticity)

This has taken three terms to settle in and get to a point that I can deliver it and the tamariki are a) enjoying and b) doing it properly. It is still a long way from where I wanted to be, but it is getting there and I will be reviewing again at the end of term 4 ready to start up term 1, 2026.

A big result has been using more handwritten work, but also that their work is presented a lot better. I can understand their handwriting, books are laid out nicely and they take pride in their work. They are enjoying writing in groups (once a week) especially. The outcomes are hilarious at times.

My next steps are to continue to refine my programme and continue to add to it where I think it is appropriate. I am keeping an eye on all the resources becoming available that align with the curriculum and now I am more familiar with the delivery of the curriculum, I will judiciously acquire those I believe support my teaching. 

5 - Evaluate the Impact and Re-evaluate the Plan

So how did the plan go?

The biggest thing I didn't plan well enough for was how big the difference in curriculum was from the previous one. I suppose that comes from not having a good grip on the curriculum earlier in the year. Now I can say I have learned a lot about it during this journey. One way I suppose!

It seemed simple just reading the curriculum, but to deploy it was another matter. I have only ever worked under one curriculum so this change is my first. But once you start deploying different "clauses" of the curriculum you start to uncover a lot of prior learning is missing. This isn't due to any fault of previous teachers, it entirely rests on the fact that the changes are larger than they first appear and that no one was required, in so much detail, to teach what they are now expected to know at each year level.

Scratching the surface of each requirement I managed to uncover the knowledge the tamariki didn't have and then started to teach it.

It made me revisit a lot of the plan. I had to revisit parts of speech, we had to revisit what a sentence was in some cases too. Some things involving what a clause is, what a run on sentence is etc and types of sentences seem to be foreign for them. Some of my slides from the previous page have since been changed! They may not make much sense now as they appear to be at the beginning and not where I originally started. I didn't think to save a set of slides for my PGC. That's a learning point. 

So I did have to change things to meet the needs of the tamariki I had before me. 

Things I think have worked is having the tamariki focus on one small goal at a time. Having them focus on checking as they go has been hard, but they are getting there. It would be good if this was done at every level though so they start day one writing checking. I can't wait though until everyone has the new curriculum deployed and the tamariki come through to the seniors near where the new requirements are. 

They really enjoyed using hand movements with their writing when doing planning orally (Walls & Braid) and it was fun for all of us to do. They still struggle with planning though and it seems they have no care for it whatsoever. Very frustrating. 

4 - Implementing The Plan

There is a lot of changes in my plan and these changes are going to take time for the tamariki to settle into.

Daily Writing

• This lesson is going to be made up of a daily explicit teaching lesson about a part of grammar/sentence structure. This will be followed by independent writing time where there are rotations of activities that involve practice of the new lesson/skill learned, along with daily writing and spelling activities. Here is an example of the format:

• Pick up a Pen = free writing. I have sentence/story starters and photos they can use for inspiration. 
• Spelling Shed task = based on spelling in the curriculum
• The blue cells contain activities = either digital or presented digitally, based on the WALT. 
• Each session is 16 minutes long with 2 minutes transition time. Books must be handed in at the end. Writing is checked by wandering around the room, finding out if they are following their goals (which are written in the back of their writing books).
• The tamariki named their own groups which are split by super low, and then mixed ability for the rest of them. I also popped them into groups that work together, trying to avoid clashing personalities. They are also doing other options such as: Handwriting - poetry transcription and illustration, Group story writing, which has had some interesting results as the dynamics settle, and more will be added for variety.
• Handwriting is being taught explicitly each day for 10 mins or so separately. There is a big need for automaticity is needed to reduce cognitive load during writing. The brain can then be used for great content rather than trying to figure out how to produce letters on a page.
• A big focus has been checking that their sentences make sense.
• I have daily explicit teaching through Helen Walls programme of parts of sentences. For example a unit on Apex Predators - LINK.

The tamariki have taken to the plan probably better than I thought they would since it involved a big change to their routines. They seem to enjoy writing which is great. 

But....

there is a big problem though, and that is the lack of prior knowledge. The requirement to do such explicit teaching of the new curriculum with so much more in it has exposed how the level required for year 4, 5 & 6 requires a lot more to be taught in the previous years. As they too have only just started this new journey, it means a few holes need to be plugged before we can move forward. 

3 - Action Planning and Testing Ideas

So ideas! What can I do to help the tamariki with their writing?

I am going to focus on the following parts of the curriculum that I feel I am weak on and need more knowledge about and some practical ways of implementing these in the classroom.

1. Sentence Structure/syntax (syntax being the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences). 
2. Differentiation in writing. My tamariki range from being able to write cvc words only with assistance to intermediate level.

I am going to start by testing first of all whether the tamariki know all the parts of speech and what they mean before I start teaching explicitly the structure of sentences. I need to know what they know before I launch into this area of instruction. I see a lot of errors with sentences, lower use of different structures and also repeated structures in their writing. This should help with this area and provide some interesting writing. 

With differentiation for my poorer writers, it is to help them gain more skills but also for some independent work ideas, so I am available to help the rest of the classroom with their learning, rather than having to be next to them constantly.

The curriculum now has explicit text that tells you how you should be teaching, not just what. It is far more prescriptive. This makes the research side of things relatively simple. I have to do as it says basically, it is my job. However, I would like them to publish the research behind the curriculum. 

Research

One of the authors involved (among many teachers, principals and experts) in writing this curriculum is Dr Helen Walls. I have been on a course with her in the past and implemented a lot of what she suggested. I am going to read her current thoughts and use some of her resources around sentence structure. 

Regarding sentence structure etc, I will be working with the text: Writing Matters: Developing Sentence Skills in Students of All Ages - William Van Cleave. This covers parts of speech, has explicit teaching with model lessons and follow up activities. William Van Cleave has a BA in English and Women's Studies and an MA in English. He has worked in many schools with children who struggle and has been a tutor, teacher and principal. His book is clear and easy to read and understand for the teacher. I'll also be using Christine Braid's "How to Build Writing Success Sentence by Sentence."

For differentiation, Dr Walls will be my primary guide along with resources from Brolga Education which is run by Trudy Mayo in Australia to help guide me to maybe doing a better job at differentiation in writing.

I will be using the "Fast Feedback" system of Dr Walls which provides for individual goals for each student and working on those goals with very quick feedback. These goals are very specific and niche, not huge overarching goals, but tiny steps towards the finish line of great writing. "The sentence goal enables us to teach sentence by sentence, celebrating small steps and giving value to the mastery of one sentence at a time (Walls with Braid 2023).

The class will also have THINK, WRITE, CHECK installed in their brains. This is each and every sentence as they write it. Not at the end of their story, but as they go. I noticed myself that very few tamariki actually read their writing when they have finished it. They bring up pieces of work that are not checked for punctation or spelling errors, let alone if their sentences made sense (missing words, etc). Sentence by sentence hopefully will have their more focused as they work. That doesn't mean that they don't check at the end with a view to further improvements however. 

I will roll these new lessons out asap and see how we go! 

2 - Hypothesising and Reflecting

 Looking at the two main areas of concern - maths and writing, I feel the area I should focus on this year is writing. Maths has a whole new set of pedagogy with Numicon coming into our school that we've been advised to "trust the process" with and that would be better to reflect on once we really get going.

The new curriculum for writing has been released and boy, is it a busy one! It covers:

• Speech and language using any method of communication a student uses (including AAC)
• Phonemic awareness
• Systematic synthetic phonics (decoding and spelling skills)
• Handwriting
• Vocabulary
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Fluency
• Text structure

Each of these areas a huge all by themselves. 

So why are the tamariki not doing so well in writing? Their reading is ok, but the ability to put things down on paper or on their devices is letting them down overall. Writing is the other side of the reading 'coin' and being able to express yourself clearly is one of the most exciting things people do in this world. 

The tamariki in my class were 5 and 6 years old when Covid hit. There was disruption in schooling with lock downs and failure for whatever reason to engage in learning at home. This also affected their social skills. Since then there has been a societal change in attitude to school attendance, and more kids staying home longer when they are ill. Did this affect their ongoing schooling? 

I also have a cohort of tamariki that have intellectual disabilities which seems to affect writing the most. They have an inability to write clearly (motor skills) and short working memories. They also tend to get distracted by things; one for example, won't write a word down until they know they have spelled it correctly so barely gets anything written down. All of these tamariki require constant supervision and help to write. 

One child is at the very start of his journey potentially using AAC. This is something separate I am learning about.

My question is:  

How can I strengthen writing outcomes for all learners by adapting my programme to meet a wide range of needs and align with the refreshed Literacy framework?

I need to make sure I am differentiating appropriately, that I know the new curriculum and plan accordingly. When I look at the students individually, there are a few things that have not been taught explicitly by myself or previous teachers on a regular or ongoing basis - we haven't needed to. What I have been covering daily is vocabulary, morphology, handwriting and text structures as we cover them. 

What do I need to do to differentiate well, cover the curriculum, and to daily complete more explicit teaching on syntax and text structure? 

When I reflect on writing, I have to be honest and say, it is not my favourite thing to teach. I have always found it easy and so struggle sometimes as to why the kids just can't do it well! I have focused previously on maths and reading, but writing has always taken somewhat of a back seat in comparison to my own education about the matter. I do PLD on it, then struggle to implement. This new curriculum has definitely given me the impetus to do better. How? That is the question. The curriculum is NOT that explicit!!!!

1. 2025! Here we are! Noticing - my context

My class this year has had a wonderful start to the year. I have a mix of year 4, 5 and 6 students. 13 boys and 10 girls. 15 are of Māori descent, one from Tuvalu, and seven identify as New Zealanders (European descent). This is the lowest number of Māori I have had in eight years in my class. Only 3 are year 4.

They are widely spaced in their curriculum levels, from below 6 months at school to being able to read as a 14 year old (and understand what they are reading!).  Three have been diagnosed with an intellectual disability (mild) and one is virtually non-verbal with a diagnoses of autism. This child has a full time teacher aide to help manage their needs throughout the day until 1pm when they leave to go home. They get tired very quickly and cannot currently cope with a longer day yet.

Noticing

They are also the quietest class I have ever had! Most are focused and keen to learn and can manage pretty independently with work targeted to their level. This has made it a lot easier to teach and to manage the classroom behaviour. A few have a tendency to be a little disruptive but come into line fairly quickly and easily with current behaviour management. Those same few sometimes have issues in the playground too.

Initial testing has shown the following:

MATHS:

• Half the year 6 students are stanine 4 or below.
• Just over year 5 students are stanine 4 or above. Two that are below have diagnosed intellectual disabilities and may not move far.
• ALL year 4 students are stanine 6 or above.

READING:

• 60% of year 6 students are stanine 4 or above
• Out of 6 year 5 students tested, two are stanine 5 or above, and two may not move far this year due to disability and are well below. 67% are stanine 4 or below. 
• One year 4 student is stanine 4, and the other two are stanine 5 & 8.

WRITING:

• At the time of writing this, I have yet to complete marking the Asttle assessment for writing. A cursory look over their writing makes me believe I will be looking at similar figures as maths, not reading. Writing has a higher cognitive load and it can pose greater difficulties for learners.

I think that I will be focussing on Maths with the new curriculum bringing in far more requirements and more curriculum items to teach. But I also feel that writing needs a big push as well.

My next step is to develop my question from this information. What is the most important thing I need to focus on this year? It will be a busy year as we roll out the new Literacy and Maths curriculum, complete PD around this curriculum and wrap our heads around the requirements. We are doing a lot of it already, but it is imperative to ensure we on point with our delivery.

PGC 2023 - Noticing and Investigating

Within a few weeks of starting the year, it was noticed by the senior syndicate team that we all had the same issue. A lot more tamariki that were well below in their reading. We had a stark separation between year 6 and year 5 students, far greater than previous years.

We also noticed that the new akonga were unable to do things for themselves. They lacked the ability to get themselves a chair, didn't seem to be able to figure out how to use an exercise book to write in or how to follow simple instructions.

This required a massive rethink of the organisation of our classrooms. Cognitive load had to be reduced, daily routines unpacked and simplified and repeated constantly and even then I found I was still struggling. 

These akonga were behind primarily in reading, some had an inability to decode, but the biggest issue for my classroom was comprehension. As a student of te reo Māori, I have spoken the language since I was young, however I am unable to understand a majority of it. So in effect, I can decode and say a word in te reo, however, I can't understand everything I read. These tamariki are like this too but with their first language.

A few do have difficulties with decoding, these were put into a special reading programme developed by the RTLit for one student, and copied for 3 others in my classroom. But how to tackle comprehension?

The current route is to teach comprehension strategies in isolation, for example, how to infer, how to find the main idea etc. We choose books that make it easy to use that strategy and teach it regardless of the topic. 

Unlike the "reading wars," there has not been the same focus on comprehension as there has been in decoding. However, there is plenty of research about it and most points to the way we teach comprehension as individual strategies is not best practice. It will be interesting to see the way this research develops further. 

In my opinion, this research makes sense. Readers who have relevant knowledge about a topic prior to reading a piece about the topic, or have a good vocabulary before reading about a topic, understand what they are reading more. 

One example given was a reading comprehension assessment which was about baseball. Those kids who played baseball or were involved in the sport in some way did far better than the readers who knew nothing about the sport before reading the text. Even poorer readers (as assessed prior) scored well if they were in baseball teams in comparison to their "normal" reading level. Knowing a bit about something first (especially vocabulary) meant the children could comprehend better the article or story they were reading.

According to research, understanding word meaning accounts for as much as 80% of reading comprehension (Davis, 1972; Nagy & Scott, 2000). So why are we spending so much time on teaching strategies when we would be better off increasing their word knowledge base instead? If the strategies may only account for 20% or LESS of a child's reading comprehension, why would we waste so much time teaching them how to find the main idea in a story? Which they may indeed miss because they don't understand what they are reading in the first place?

Good general knowledge or "topic" knowledge means better comprehension. Being able to find the main idea in a text won't happen unless they understand what they are reading in the first place. They need the vocabulary involved at a basic level to be able to make inferences from the text that the author is making. You can teach them what an inference is, but if they can't understand a few key words, it won't be apparent to the reader. 

Building Knowledge. The Case for Bringing Content into the Language Arts Block and for a Knowledge-Rich Curriculum Core for all Children By E. D. Hirsch, Jr.

Reading comprehension is not a “skill” Robert Pondiscio

How Knowledge Helps It Speeds and Strengthens Reading Comprehension, Learning—and Thinking By Daniel T. Willingham

Dramatic New Evidence That Building Knowledge Can Boost Comprehension And Close Gaps Natalie Wexler

Vocabulary Instruction: Essential for Proficient Reading Timothy Rasinski, Ph.D.

A Kindergarten Lottery Evaluation of Core Knowledge Charter Schools: Should Building General Knowledge Have a Central Role in Educational and Social Science Research and Policy? 

So, practically, what should I be doing in the classroom?

2022 - Professional Growth Cycle - Dysgraphia Inquiry - Hypothesising & Reflecting

The first step is to see if my hypothesis of dysgraphia is correct, if I'm on the right track etc. The issue is I am unable to get a formal diagnoses of dysgraphia without my tamariki being able to access sessions with an educational psychologist on a private basis or being referred with months (potentially) years of waiting on a public list to get a diagnoses.

My kids cannot wait that long NOR should they have to, but that is another issue for another day. In the meantime there are several online "tests" and I have approached the RTLB for her assistance. She has recommended several written tests as well which all could indicate that the child might  have dysgraphia.

I filled in an online questionnaire: https://www.lexercise.com/tests/dysgraphia-test

and also got my tamariki to fill out a handwritten set of exercises. All tested as having a high probability of dysgraphia. These came from the RTLB for me to use. As this is my only option to "diagnose" them, I am working on the assumption they have dysgraphia at some, if not different levels. 

I then enrolled and paid for an online seminar from Tammy McMillan, https://www.shareshapeandshine.org/  Based in Australia. This seminar discussed what dysgraphia is, how to identify it, and most importantly, what to do about it in the classroom.

The biggest takeaway from this seminar was that I needed to let go of the expectations that I could teach them to write and then everything would be ok. These kids can learn to write, but in fact, is it necessary? Is the stress that is induced in the children, and myself, necessary to go through when there are accommodations that I could use?

These boys all have reasonable reading skills. They are at Gold level. How can I know that of my boy with mutism? Because he can type answers to questions that are basic but understandable and which show me he can read. He cannot however make simple inferences but works more at a fact and literal level. This is probably a symptom of his autism diagnoses and he may pick this up as he gets older, but right now this is something I not concerned with.

What have I changed in the classroom?

• I have stopped requiring them from answering in writing, they can choose to talk to me about their understanding of something, or draw a picture or record something.
• I am working more one on one with them (when I can) to check their understanding more frequently during a lesson.
• I am offering more drag and drop options for these three so they don't have to type their answers, they can choose an answer and drag it to where it should be.
• I am continuing with handwriting lessons that I just let them join in at the moment to encourage hand strength. I will be correcting them on formation, but not pushing them to be perfect.
• I have purchases grips for pencils and pens to see if that helps with grip as they are all poor tool handlers. They tend to hover over the page and to hold the pencil quite high without their hands touching the paper sometimes. This is particularly true with my autistic boy which may be a sensory thing, I do not know. Again, if it helps it helps!
• Writing - these kids have great stories to tell, but they are currently unable to do anything but verbalise them. They are unable to access assessments such as asttle or other writing assessments.
• The kids have been introduced to speech to text (well, two of them!) and they are able to write short sentences with them. Whilst this helps somewhat, the lack of ability to focus and stay on task means they still get very little work done without someone over their shoulder keeping them going. This is very difficult with others in the class. It also needs to be done in a quiet environment which is all good as we have quiet break out rooms. However, this means leaving them alone to do their work which they are not capable of doing for any length of time. A catch 22. Especially when the mute boy won't do anything while I am with him, but can't do it on his own without me!
• Being able to let go of the THEY MUST WRITE OR THEY AREN'T ACHIEVING paradigm I was desperately hanging on to is a big relief. These kids can achieve without being able to physically write.

I believe this has changed my relationship with these boys, learning is more enjoyable from both sides of the teacher's table.

I will be constantly monitoring their progress and their abilities to ensure that I am meeting their needs and if something changes with their writing, that's great! We will celebrate it, but their worth as a writer won't hinge on this occurring.

It also has made me more aware of issues that children may face that I am not able to fix. I think as a teacher you believe you can do anything and it can be disheartening to see children not progress as you expect. But with a bit of jinking and jiving, an accommodation here or there, and alternative assessment options show that they are indeed progressing and are learning, just not as I may have formerly wanted or expected them to do. This is still valid.

2022 - Professional Growth Cycle - Dysgraphia - Noticing & Investigating

2022 is my 5th year of teaching. It has been a huge learning curve after my 12 months of studying to be a teacher. Over this time in classrooms, I am becoming increasingly interested in learning issues my ākonga face. 

My cohort I teach is year 5 & 6. At this level students "should" be able to read well enough to access the curriculum and do learning in more subject areas. Their comprehension of what they are reading is vital for them to be able to learn about more complex ideas and their writing should be able to demonstrate that knowledge.

This year I have several students whose writing is several years below what is expected of the average student at this level. Handwriting is poor, construction of sentences are weak and even copying down text is difficult. Their reading is slightly behind, but is not of major concern and they understand clearly what they are reading. I am finding it difficult to consistently differentiate my teaching whereby what I am expecting of them to "create" to demonstrate mastery of the knowledge is within their abilities.

What is going on? 

There are three tamariki that fall into this group. 

• One is a selective mute and will not talk to many adults. 
• One has a lot of absences put down to anxiety by his whānau. He is also easily distracted.
• One has also had a lot of absences, and is a big procrastinator who needs constant reminders to do his work.
• Two fall outside the level required to do an asttle writing assessment and one is level 1 beginning).
• Maths levels are sitting at Stage 3 to 4 depending on the area. Fractions are proving very difficult to grasp and then retain. 
• All have very poor handwriting and find it hard to type words. They have had varying success with speech to text with Google docs.
• All play on devices at home although not extensively. They are very capable on devices at home.
• They are all unable to form letters on a consistent basis in their writing. They find it difficult to write on the line/between the lines. They have nearly normal grips.
• The two students I can talk to are embarrassed about their work and what they can achieve. They won't let others view their handwritten work and are bright enough to see that even their digital work is not as good as the rest of the classes. It is heartbreaking.

My hunch is that they may have some level of dysgraphia. I stumbled across the term and read about its manifestations in tamariki and feel that it may be involved in the process I am seeing in these children.

My inquiry question:  If these tamariki have dysgraphia or similar, what can I do as a classroom teacher to better support them in their work to better access the "create" portion of our mahi and to help them in alternative ways to demonstrate to me their learning?  This is way too wordy!

First of all I need to get better educated on what dysgraphia is. I need to talk to their whānau to get information from them and I need to get some screening done to see if this is in fact the issue. If it isn't, I will have re-look at my inquiry question and move from there. If it is, what practical steps can I take for these students to help them? What differentiation in assessment (ie work created) can I put in so they can clearly demonstrate how amazing they are?

If I can get this differentiation in place at a better level for them, I should see them grow in confidence and create work that they are proud of and which shows everyone how they understand what they are reading and learning about. 

Now to work on what dysgraphia is and getting screening in place.

Example of one child's writing: